Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Outline the Contribution of Marxism to Our Society Essay

OUTLINE THE CONTRIBUTION OF MARXISM TO OUR UNDERSTANDING OF SOCIETY Marxism is an ideology based on the economic and political theories of Karl Marx and Freidrich Engels. Karl Marx who was born in Germany in 1818 was a revolutionary whose ideas on society were the foundation of communism. Under modern capitalism the means of production, such as factories, land, and technology are controlled by a small minority who Marx called the bourgeoisie. Production is carried out by the working class, known as the proletarians who have to sell their labour or face poverty or starvation. Taken together these two classes form the economic base of society, what Marx called the substructure. Marx saw that there was conflict between these two divisions†¦show more content†¦American sociologists, (Bowles et al 1976) maintain there is a close â€Å"correspondence† between the social relationships which govern school and work. This ‘correspondence principle’ link work and education with its system of hierarchies and rules which prepare peop le for a subservient role in the workplace, by exploiting them as servants of a capitalist system, and continuing to perpetuate class stratification. (Giddens, A. 1997) â€Å"The education system disguises this with its myth of meritocracy† (Haralambos et al p 604) Cultural deprivation theorists suggest middle class children have advantage over WC, in that at an early age they are socialised and exposed to books, music and technology known as cultural capital. According to (Bordieu et al 1977) education is biased in favour of the culture of the dominant social class and WC culture is devalued. In an attempt to test Bordieus theory (Sullivan, 2001) carried out a social survey on pupils approaching school leaving age in 1998 and found â€Å"that pupils cultural capital was strongly correlated with parents cultural capital...which in turn was closely linked to their social class† She also found significant differences in exam results between WC and MC children even when the effects of cultural capital had been taken into account which tended to support in part Bourdieus theory. (Haralambas cites Keddie, N. 1973) who argues that culture deprivation is a myth. ItShow MoreRelatedThe Sociological Perceptions Of Health And Illness1552 Words   |  7 Pagesand to outline the sociological perceptions of health and illness. This essay also discusses about the various patterns of health inequality within society, and to evaluate the different perspective and views of health within our society. It will also provide a brief analysis of two different starts to the study of health and illness. 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Tourism Related Issue-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Critique Discuss about the tourism related issue. Answer: Introduction Tourism Planning Environment has been given much emphasis in recent days. For making this tourism planning work and function properly development of the policy cycle is being done to properly formulate the tourism planning environment (Moore Rodger and Taplin 2015). Since the practice of policy development is being done from quite some time it contains some stages such as invocation, intelligence gathering, applications, recommendations, prescriptions, appraisal and termination. In the following critical evaluation we will evaluate, study and examine two discussion papers which is considered as an important tool for policy development and planning of tourism. The following will provide the policy cycle and the framework for critical evaluation and comparison will be done between the two different discussion papers which are about two different places of tourism in Australia which will be beneficial for the tourism professionals and students of policy making and development of tourism . At the end of this review I will conclude with the critique remarks and reflective sections about the lessons which will be learnt by examining the papers. It is imperative that these types of policy formulation strategies should be discussed and evaluated to make a better understating of the system. Background/Aim There are two discussion papers which are going to be taken into account in this critical review. The first one is Alpine Shire Rural Land Strategy and another one is South Australian Nature based Tourism. Both these discussion papers contains policy development framework for different types of tourism (Roman, Lynch and Dominey-Howes 2010). Alpine Shire Rural Land Strategy tends to play a significant part in the industry of tourism and economy of the area in which it is applied. It has been found out that many tourists have started wandering for outside adventure, scenery, activities, natural beauty and wineries. This has given the tourism industry a shift to the rural areas of the country. When the South Australian Nature based Tourism is taken into account it is realized that it is mainly based on the facets of nature which has made the major contribution to the factors of tourism in the country. I can deduce from the articles that investments are being made to develop parks so tha t returns can be achieved with the evolution of nature centered tourism. Southern Australia attracts tourists because of its rich culture, food and wine tasting experiences. Research was being carried out to keep track of the new and profound developments in the nature of tourism of both the places. By considering the nature of tourism of both the places a contrast can be drawn at the time of tourism policy development. Research Methods Research has been conducted on both the places to get an exact idea of the tourism trends in Alpine Shire Rural Land Strategy and South Australian Nature based Tourism. In the former one the data which has been taken for the purpose of research is old and is of 2008/09 financial year and in the case of the latter one the data ranges from 2005 but the main discussion is being done on the data taken in 2014. The entire discussion has been done for the Alpine Shire Land Strategy shows quantitative data with input parameters of domestic visitor nights, international visitor nights and domestic day visitors. These numbers are multiplied by the expenditure done per day which gives the total expenditure of the visitors of that financial year. But in the case of South Australian Nature based Tourism qualitative data has been taken for discussing the policy formulations. The aspects which have been given emphasis are partnerships and support, consumer marketing, visitor experiences, destinati on management and business opportunities. Results After going through discussion papers I found out that tourism growth is denoted in numerical figures for the respective financial year for Alpine Shire Rural Land Strategy. It can be observed that there is an increase in the number of tourists visiting the rural landscape tourist spots as the area has been given accreditation of Australias iconic Landscapes. Whereas in the case of South Australian Nature based Tourism some important factors or suggestions have been implied such as increase in the number of visitations, improvement in the perceptions of South Australia, fortification of National Parks in the area, use of better technology to extend visitor base and linking of food and wine culture to the nature. Recommendations I can recommended by discussing both the articles on tourism that there can be improvements and additions to the present policy framework of tourism in both places of Australia. There is a scope to transform the entire tourism culture in Alpine Shire Land to the rural and agricultural tourism by showing the tourists that how the food grains and wines are cultivated and how is the culture of the people affected by the nature of work done by the people living in that area. There is a need to develop a strategy to enhance the investment by the help of which people can capitalize on the advantages which they have got. There are few places which needs to be worked upon in the South Australia such as development and collaboration of marketing campaigns for nature based tourism, to develop information system for the national parks, reserves and marine parks, enhancement of resources for online visitors, inclusion of commercial tours and its information on the government sites, inclusion of other operators of tourism and provide them licenses and modifying the photography licenses. After examining this discussion it can be said that there is still scope for research to be conducted on the policy development so that the factors which are in the grey areas are taken into focus and policy can be formulated for complete growth and perpetual development of tourism in both the places of Australia. Criticism The discussion article for Alpine Shire Rural Land Strategy has been conducted by Strategic planners who know in depth about the technicalities and whereabouts of the area which is under the discussion (Council 2011). There is no question of credibility of the authors of this discussion paper. As it has been clearly depicted in the discussion that research has been conducted methodically for an entire financial year and data has been complied as per the survey the research proves to be completely legitimate and accurate. In the case of South Australian Nature based Tourism the discussion paper has been made by taking the references of regional plans of tourism, Landscape Plans, plans of natural resource management and other international strategies. It shows that the margin of error in the research in minimum and its authenticity is of high quality (Althaus, Bridgman and Davis, 2015). After comparing both the articles I can state that the discussion papers are somewhat useful in unde rstanding the types of tourism being practiced in two parts of Australia which targets the students of policy development framework who can learn a great deal from the respective papers about how the matter of tourism can be handled with expertise and can go further into research to provide better solutions to the exact problems being faced. I have seen students discussing among themselves about their fields of interest in the career they want to pursue (Divisekera, 2009). They can communicate among themselves through social media and can even organize seminars to attain a greater depth of knowledge. Moreover I can quote and example of the government initiatives been taken to give them feedback about the experiences and opportunities which can be developed by the means of suggestions given by the students interested in policy development framework. This platform is the most pragmatic and effective place to discuss and develop each others outlook (Carroll and Hession, 2015). The rese arch is both comprehensive and limited in nature as it covers both qualitative and quantitative methods which give both objective and subjective nature of policy development framework strategy. Author of the discussions papers has simplified the concepts and factors that affect the tourism of both the places by giving proper evidences and supporting content(Gunn, 2015). Writer has been completely transparent in its article about the upside and downside of tourism stating the advantages and challenges both at the same time which gives ample space for improvement in the future. All the recommendations provided by the author are genuine and pertinent and can be applied to other situations without any hesitation. Since both places are different in topology and demography some of the recommendations may not be relevant in every scenario (Howlett and Ramesh, 2014). The article in its full capacity achieves its aim of providing a detailed idea about the nature and type of tourism being don e in both places of Australia and their similarities and differences. Conclusion The article discussed above has a great significance and purpose in determining and educating the students of policy development framework. It illustrates that how the development policy is formulated and which factors are taken into consideration (KVAMSDAL, 2011). The discussion papers describe almost each and every facet of tourism in that particular segment or area of Australia which gives proper knowledge about the type of tourism being done and people participating in that business (LEE, 2013). The article clearly depicts the type of research which was conducted to get the data which was taken in the qualitative as well as quantitative form and the results which were deduced are also very clear and neutral (National Parks in South Australia, 1964). Discussion papers based on the surveys prove to be very articulate and precise in their aims and objectives which give the readers a profound knowledge of the subject. It can be stated that both the discussion papers of Alpine Shire R ural Land Strategy and that of South Australian Nature based Tourism are articles which can state a basic level of understanding for policy development framework and studies related to it in the field of tourism. It contains two different types of tourism sectors of the same country (Roehr, 2013), influenced by different dynamics and having different types of tourists visiting those places. This provides a contrast of features of the same sector and even the same country which can be the crux in formulating the policy development strategy for higher authorities and a perfect tool for understanding that how things work for the students. References Althaus, C., Bridgman, P. and Davis, G. (2015). Learning about Learning: Discovering the Work of Policy by Adams, Colebatch, and Walker.Australian Journal of Public Administration, 74(2), pp.112-113. Carroll, J. and Hession, K. (2015). Developing a Tourism Opportunity Spectrum Scale.Journal of Tourism Insights, 6(1). Council, A., 2011. Draft economic development strategy. Divisekera, S. (2009). Ex Post Demand for Australian Tourism Goods and Services.Tourism Economics, 15(1), pp.153-180. Gunn (2015). Journal search results - Cite This For Me.Scandinavian Studies, 87(2), p.295. Howlett, M. and Ramesh, M. (2014). The Achilles Heel of Governance: Critical Capacity Deficits and Their Role in Governance Failures.SSRN Electronic Journal. KVAMSDAL, S. (2011). EXOGENOUS SHOCKS AND MARINE RESERVES.Natural Resource Modeling, 24(3), pp.316-334. LEE, T. (2013). Environmentally Responsible Behavior of Nature-Based Tourists: Related Concepts, Measurement, and Research.Journal of Tourism Hospitality, 02(02). Moore, S.A., Rodger, K. and Taplin, R., 2015. Moving beyond visitor satisfaction to loyalty in nature-based tourism: a review and research agenda.Current Issues in Tourism,18(7), pp.667-683. National Parks in South Australia. (1964).Nature, 203(4944), pp.459-459. Roehr, B. (2013). C Everett Koop.BMJ, 346(mar15 1), pp.f1491-f1491. Roman, C.E., Lynch, A.H. and Dominey-Howes, D., 2010. Uncovering the essence of the climate change adaptation problemA case study of the tourism sector at Alpine Shire, Victoria, Australia.Tourism and Hospitality Planning Development,7(3), pp.237-252.